The exchange rate between two currencies is the measurement of the worth of one currency in relation to another. For example, let’s say you go to England carrying US dollars. You decide to pick up some souvenirs to carry back home for your friends and colleagues. You walk into a store and pick up something that has a price tag of 5.99. Since you’re paying for the merchandise in US dollars, the USD/GBP exchange rate is going to come into effect. Currently the exchange rate is 1.98 USD$ for every 1 GBP£. That means you can’t take $5.99 US dollars out of your wallet to pay for the item because in London it takes USD$ 1.98 to pay for something that costs £1 British pound. As such, for something that costs £5 British pounds you’ll need to pay about 9.88 US$
Exchange rates change as the value of a currency rises or falls. The overriding factor affecting a change in currency exchange rates is supply and demand; but a number of different underlying factors can contribute to elevating or decreasing supply and demand for a particular currency. Factors affecting the supply and demand for a paricular currency are usually economically rooted, politically rooted or rooted in market psychology.
Economic factors that affect exchange rates
| Factor | Effect |
| Budget deficit | Currency value declines |
| Economic surplus | Currency value increases |
| Trade deficit | Currency decline |
| Increase in trading activity | Currency value increases |
| Inflation goes up | Currency decline |
| Inflation goes down | Currency value increases |
Other factors that affect how a country’s currency grows and degenerates in value include the country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product) employment/unemployment rates, sale of goods and merchandise and the overall condition of the country’s economy.
Political factors that affect exchange rates
Countries that are constantly in the midst of political crises generally have unstable economic infrastructure and consequently the value of their currency will be low.
The Market Psychology Factor
Market psychology explores the impact of human emotion on economic decision making and how these decisions made on emotion impact on aspects of finances such as market prices, investment returns and resource allocation.
Some of the terminology applied to the market psychology factor as regards changes in currency rates include:
Flights to quality - this is a situation wherein investors all of a sudden sell investments that seem to be higher risk and buy investments that are considered “safe”.
Long-term trends: where the market looks at price trends over a certain period of time in analyzing currency
Buy the rumor, sell the fact: the condition where currency price changes based on the anticipation of an event.
Economic numbers: statistical data about the economy used to predict performance
Technical trading considerations: looking for patterns in cumulative data about price movements in pairs of currencies.
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